Ann Erpino と Erik Winfree サイエンス シリーズ

動物と人 / 自然 / 夢 / 時代精神 / 遺跡

科学と科学活動の内なる精神の肖像

このシリーズの絵画は、科学のプロセス、理論、発見、概念と、それらを追求する科学者の個人的な属性や興味の一部を融合させることで、科学生活を垣間見ることができます。このシリーズでは、主に生命プロセスの驚くべき複雑さ、多様性、工学を考察するとともに、さまざまな現代科学の概念も描写します。

それぞれの画像は、エリック・ウィンフリー博士の科学生活を豊かにした特定の同僚、指導者、学生、共同研究者、または知的パートナーのために概念化されました。それぞれの画像には、個人が進歩した科学と、その性格の一部、興味や趣味、持論、またはウィンフリー博士と過ごした時間の逸話が融合されています。

ウィンフリー博士はアンに最先端の科学を教え、学術パートナーや英雄たちの逸話を語り、一緒にそれぞれの絵を構想しました。オリジナルのシリーズは現在カリフォルニア工科大学で展示されています。

人工知能

機械はプログラムして、役に立つことをできるように「成長」させることができます。彼らはいつか、ある種の意識、つまり独自の注意力を持つことができるかもしれません。現実の脳の複雑さ、効率、冷却能力、優雅さに匹敵するマシンやテクノロジーはまだありません。

機械的思考の冒険
神経の生き物
滝
生物学と合成生物学

合成生物学者は、細胞の機能の結果や他の細胞との相互作用に影響を与えるために、細胞の DNA 内にコード化された化学ベースの情報を変更および「操作」することができます。現代の技術は、生物学的システム内のものに匹敵する特性と能力を備えた、情報に基づいた合成化学システムを生み出す可能性があります。

ケルプの森
ティンカーの分子ワークショップ
The nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans is mathematically unique in that wild-type individuals contain exactly 959 cells. The position of each cell is also precisely determined. C. Elegans is transparent, so cell function and lineage are easy to track.
959
細胞骨格モーター
人生の街
化学

化学は、元素と化合物、その特性、組成、構造、およびそれらが変化するときにエネルギーがどのように放出または吸収されるかを研究するものです。

量子ブリッジ
真珠の動物園
煤の奇跡
トンボ
反応 – 拡散
At the human scale, a flat surface is a simple thing. But closer in, its incredible complexity becomes apparent. Molecular engineering can control some of that complexity, using self-assembly to coat the surface and place complex molecules in specific locations.
分子フィールドは永遠に
When light bombards a molecule, a photon may be absorbed, in which case the extra energy causes the molecule's bonds to vibrate more vigorously. Some of that extra vibrational energy dissipates into the molecule's surroundings as heat. If the energy is not completely dissipated, the vibrations may align to create and emit a new photon with lower energy and a (usually) longer wavelength; that is, they fluoresce.
蛍光
Molecules, molecular systems, and materials can be simulated and designed on computers, allowing visionary scientists to imagine and create environments from atoms on up.
どんな夢で作られています
滴
計算

私たちのアナログ脳や他の多くの生物の脳は、コンピューターよりも高い計算能力と効率を持っています。パターン認識、抽象化、アルゴリズム、分解は、私たちの計算上の認識と思考プロセスの 4 つの側面です

Computer chip technology is basically artificial geology. Lithography, the technique used to carve wires and transistors into a silicon chip, can build many layers of structures on a slab of silicon, but to truly master the art of turning inanimate rock into a thinking machine requires understanding the nature of the material. It will tell you what it can do; listen to the silicon.
ロックウィスパラー
Cephalopond
抽象化の雨
離散化
インスタンス化
The principle of least action states that, of all the possible paths a particle, such as a photon, could take, it will take the one with minimal integrated energy. Analogous optimization principles are used in software that finds the best route from place A to place B, finds the best price for a concert ticket, or finds the most likely interpretation of data.
可能な限り最高の世界
解読不能
進化と生命の起源

私たちの最も初期の祖先の痕跡と基本的な性質は、今日でも私たちの細胞内に暗号化されています。植物であれ動物であれ、菌類であれウイルスであれ、それぞれの生き物は非常に長い連鎖を経て頂点に達し、原始の時代からの情報をもたらします。すべての既知の生命体は単一の共通の祖先を共有しています。この微生物は、現代の生命の機構の基本的な前身であると考えられており、リボソームや遺伝暗号などのすべての細胞に今も存在しています。人間の細胞内のミトコンドリア DNA は、母親から子供に受け継がれる遺伝的特徴です。約40億年前、ミトコンドリア・イブは生物を生み出し、その子孫は最終的に人型となり、その後人間となった

これをやろう
接合・切断
エントロピーの損失
Inner Scaffolding - print only, 9x12
内部足場
地上波マトリックス
We can't know how life started on Earth or how it starts elsewhere, but exploring how simple chemicals assemble, react, and evolve in the laboratory gives scientists an enriched and more grounded imagination for what the first organisms may have been like — and has already led to interesting biotechnologies.
Andy Ellington
Mymosh 自らが生み出したもの
健康と医学

生物はさまざまな程度に自己治癒することができます。科学とテクノロジーは、生物の治癒を（時には大幅に）助け、生物では通常観察できない病気の側面を診断、測定、監視することができます

デジタルヒーラー
データダンサー
生地の破れ
Advanced medical therapies involve molecular robots programmed to 'crawl' around the outside of targeted cells (such as cancer cells) after recognizing diagnostic cell-surface markers that identify them as malign. As the molecule interacts with the cell membrane it effectively cuts it open, destroying the cell.
排除のプロセス

数学

数学は理想であり、純粋であり、厄介な物理的現実を研究し、仮説を立てるのに役立ちます。管理された観察や発見を行うには、優れた数学が不可欠です。計算不可能なオブジェクト (セットや関数など) を定義できます。問題に実際に物理的にアクセスできない場合でも、数学モデルを使用して問題を推測したり、特定したりすることができます。これらの不可能なオブジェクトは、何が可能であるか、または実際的なものであるかについての洞察と明確さを提供します

不可能の力
完璧の影
ほぼ本物
Seifert’s 世界
の肖像 Peter Gacs
Wings - print on canvas, 10x20
翼

分子プログラミング

生きた細胞内のrna構造を細胞の挙動のためのプログラム可能なセンサーおよびコントローラーとして使用することで、科学者は、触媒回路内、トリガーアセンブリ、自律移動などの機能を実行するために連携して機能する分子および分子構造を設計および「成長」させることができます。分子プログラマーは、生化学に基づく計算の理論モデルから、複雑なデバイスやシステムの実験設計や合成に至るまで、プログラム可能な分子機械の基礎と応用を研究します

コアコンセプト
空中庭園
With the right insight and careful touch, DNA can Be programmed to assemble itself into incredibly complex nanoscale objects called 'DNA origami'.
織り手
ワイヤーの森
宝箱
People have long used biological materials -- skin, hair, bone, wood -- as the building material for crafting technological marvels -- leather boots, wool sweaters, ivory knives, sail boats. Today we're able to use biological polymers such as DNA, RNA, and protein to craft marvels at the molecular scale as well.
Vasemakers
捕らえられた！
When informational molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins fold from a floppy linear chain into a concrete shape, such as an enzyme or other nanomachine, the process is directed by subsequences along the chain that search for matching subsequences elsewhere in the chain, and then bind and lock up to stabilize the fold.
分子のイントロスペクション
神経生物学

生物や個人は、神経節、磁気受容、エコーロケーション、ナビゲーション、細胞記憶などの感覚器官に応じて、世界を感知、認識し、認識するための多様な方法を数多く持っています。人間の神経は浸透しており、私たちのあらゆる知覚、機能、反応、発達、反省に影響を与えています。神経細胞の分岐した原形質拡張部である樹状突起は、他の神経細胞または体細胞から受け取った電気化学的刺激を伝播します

シータベイ
同期
ホムンクルス
視力
個人的なパス
ロックネスト
協和音と不協和音

孵化したばかりの子

Occasionally someone’s life story may seem scripted or contrived to the point of being impossible - a series of extraordinary events, coincidences, great hardships and crucial choices leading to that person’s unique work and expertise, as if by recipe.
あらゆる予想に反して
蝶の道






科学の謎と哲学









S. S. S.







Grün







Interdisciplinary science requires an ability to synthesize many strands of knowledge, to bind them together and test their strength, then extract pertinent information.
レインボーファイバー







あえて言うなら







物理





物理学者は、自然界の物質とエネルギー、つまり熱、光、その他の放射線、電気、磁気、微視的および巨視的粒子の力学などの特性を研究します









カエデの葉







熱容量







エンタングルド・レルム 











形成中の物理学







圧縮







交錯する







テンセグリティ







ロボット工学









500年計画







Control theory studies how feedback loops between sensors and actuators can be used to make robust responsive systems, from a car’s cruise control to robots in a factory, or biochemical circuits within a cell.
再発







渡りの行列







Each of 100 trillion cells in your body has its own DNA, its own molecular factory for building proteins, and its own biochemical circuitry for making decisions. Though self-contained, these cells depend upon each other, and function together as a unified whole. Some species, such as slime molds, live as independent single-celled organisms in their early life, then unify with other slime mold cells into a multicellular organism for the latter part of their life. Roboticists may one day develop small robots that can similarly assemble themselves into a larger, unified meta-robot.
一緒に来てください







科学的プロセス





科学は学問であり、努力であり、奇妙で珍しいものへの冒険です。何世代にもわたる科学者は、先人たちが発見し発明したものを発展させ、構築しながら、永続的な思考経路を洗練してきました。何世代にもわたる科学的思考と研究は、今日の私たちの周囲の世界の理解につながりました 









Often the best scientific result is the simplest. A solution or discovery may, with hindsight, be so uncomplicated and obvious that it's surprising, or elegant. Yet to approach that simple truth may have required sophisticated instruments and complex methods to explore thousands of possibilities.
準備万端な心







自分へのメモ







Chemical processes can create patterns similar to the spots on leopards, the patchwork on giraffes, the stripes on zebras. More complex patterns could be created if chemistry could be programmed.

情報源を求めて







A First Taste - print on canvas, 10x8
初めての味











プラムとチョコレートのある静物







とても関与していました







醸造所







In the exploration of unknown frontiers, you never know what surprises will come up next. With persistent curiosity and careful thinking, clearly defined facts emerge from the chaos of multiple variables and experimental uncertainty.
ハードル








セルフアセンブリ





自然は、ミクロをマクロに、マクロをスーパーマクロに組み立てることによって、動的なシステムを構築する傾向があります。自己集合は、分子スケール (結晶、ウイルス、細胞骨格) および巨視的スケール (ダストバニー、砂丘、星) で遍在する自然プロセスです









知っている道 







静かな夜







自己集合ツリー











再配置







Experiments conducted within a fluid medium with very tiny molecules present a unique impasse when the experiment relies upon those molecules coming into contact with each other – such as when multiple molecules bind together to form a larger functioning unit. The pieces are so tiny, and the drop of fluid so large that the molecules are unlikely to find each other, unless they can be designed to be attracted to each other.
アフィニティ







群れと形







WAYS OF BEING









独学







浮かぶ静物画







内なる光







When we're comfortable within a setting, particularly a natural one, our energies and attention may readily merge with the flow of energy, of events, and the order of things all around us, leading to great ideas and insights. Those with access to resources, liesure, and perhaps connections are best positioned to act on these energies and events.
前進する







隠された領域









Thrill seekers love to probe the unknown. For some, it’s the fresh powder on the slope of an uncharted mountain. For others, it’s the unexpected terrain of a new scientific field. For a few, it’s both.
超えていく







アクチノライトのある静物







空と地球







Ann Erpino および Erik Winfree 科学シリーズ – スライド ショー





  • Rain of Abstractions
  • DNA is highly ordered to avoid random tangling between DNA molecules. DNA is highly condensed to allow long linear DNA molecules to reside in a very tiny space, the nucleus.
    Kelp Forest
  • When we're comfortable within a setting, particularly a natural one, our energies and attention may readily merge with the flow of energy, of events, and the order of things all around us, leading to great ideas and insights. Those with access to resources, liesure, and perhaps connections are best positioned to act on these energies and events.
    Forging Ahead
  • People have long used biological materials -- skin, hair, bone, wood -- as the building material for crafting technological marvels -- leather boots, wool sweaters, ivory knives, sail boats. Today we're able to use biological polymers such as DNA, RNA, and protein to craft marvels at the molecular scale as well.
    Vase Makers
  • The nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans is mathematically unique in that wild-type individuals contain exactly 959 cells. The position of each cell is also precisely determined. C. Elegans is transparent, so cell function and lineage are easy to track.
    959
  • When informational molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins fold from a floppy linear chain into a concrete shape, such as an enzyme or other nanomachine, the process is directed by subsequences along the chain that search for matching subsequences elsewhere in the chain, and then bind and lock up to stabilize the fold.
    Molecular Introspection
  • We can't know how life started on Earth or how it starts elsewhere, but exploring how simple chemicals assemble, react, and evolve in the laboratory gives scientists an enriched and more grounded imagination for what the first organisms may have been like — and has already led to interesting biotechnologies.
    Andy Ellington
  • The Sierpinski gasket is a mathematical fractal constructed by repeatedly cutting the middle out of each triangle. Or, more akin to crystal growth, it may be generated by starting with a layer of 0′s with a single 1, then building new layers by placing a 0 above and between each pair of identical bits, while placing a 1 above and between each pair of differing bits.
    Wings
  • Exposure at a young age to the joy of discovery can cause serious imprinting and make a life-long impression upon one’s curiosity factor.
    A First Taste
  • At the human scale, a flat surface is a simple thing. But closer in, its incredible complexity becomes apparent. Molecular engineering can control some of that complexity, using self-assembly to coat the surface and place complex molecules in specific locations.
    Molecular Fields Forever
  • The principle of least action states that, of all possible paths a particle, such as a photon, could take, it will take the one with minimal integrated energy. Analogous optimization principles are used in software that finds the best route from place A to place B, finds the best price for a concert ticket, or finds the most likely interpretation of data.
    Distilled Convergence
  • Objects exchange molecules upon contact. Residue left by each can start a new growth pattern, such as crystallization, on its new host.
    Dragonflies
  • For everything that you see, there's more that you don't see.
    See Saw
  • Machines can learn, at least a little. With scientific advances they will continue to become smarter, and eventually may discover and perceive the world in their own way.
    Adventures In Mechanical Thinking
  • Biochemical experiments often require tiny volumes of liquid - microliters, or less…a fraction of a raindrop.
    Droplet
  • Control theory studies how feedback loops between sensors and actuators can be used to make robust responsive systems, from a car’s cruise control to robots in a factory, or biochemical circuits within a cell.
    Recurrence
  • Throughout evolutionary history an astounding variety of life forms have been chanced upon, most of which would look alien and bizarre to us now. During the Cambrian era over 500 million years ago, many animals with very strange body plans and weird appendages (as strange and weird as ours might seem to them) evolved. Each of the life kingdoms that we know today -- the protists (single-celled eukaryotes), monera (prokaryotes), archaea, fungi, plants, and animals -- began with a unique distant ancestor.
    Let’s Do This
  • Quantum Bridges
  • Advanced medical therapies involve molecular robots programmed to 'crawl' around the outside of targeted cells (such as cancer cells) after recognizing diagnostic cell-surface markers that identify them as malign. As the molecule interacts with the cell membrane it effectively cuts it open, destroying the cell.
    Process of Elimination
  • Some scientists believe that free-range, pre-life organic molecules spontaneously joined together to make the first organisms. Joining and scission can be seen in the laboratory when scientists create self-assembling nanotubes known as `living polymers.'
    Joining/Scission
  • In an emulsion, water droplets become surrounded and separated by oil. Each water droplet can be filled with a different set of (perhaps random) molecules, whose behaviors can then be observed. Scientists can use these droplets to run millions of tiny experiments in parallel.
    Zoo of Pearls
  • Vestiges and fundamental qualities of our earliest ancestors remain encoded within us today. Whether plant or animal, fungus or virus, each living thing culminates froma very long chain, bringing information from primordial times.
    Inner Scaffolding
  • Chemical processes can create patterns similar to the spots on leopards, the patchwork on giraffes, the stripes on zebras. More complex patterns could be created if chemistry could be programmed.
    Seeking the Source
  • In a short story by Stanislaw Lem, Mymosh accidentally came into being when a jettisoned object from a passing spaceship rattled a post-nuclear garbage dump, causing various objects to tumble, collide, and attach, forming a thinking being.
    Mymosh the Self Begotten
  • Computer chip technology is basically artificial geology. Lithography, the technique used to carve wires and transistors into a silicon chip, can build many layers of structures on a slab of silicon, but to truly master the art of turning inanimate rock into a thinking machine requires understanding the nature of the material. It will tell you what it can do; listen to the silicon.
    Rock Whisperer
  • Molecules, molecular systems, and materials can be simulated and designed on computers, allowing visionary scientists to imagine and create environments from atoms on up.
    What Dreams Are Made Of
  • DNA microarray chips allow doctors and scientists to read the internal workings of a cell. A single chip can have hundreds of thousands of pixels, each of which can detect the presence of RNA for a specific gene, or a certain genetic mutation. This information can lead to novel discoveries and insightful diagnoses.
    Data Dancer
  • Life may have arisen from naturally occuring mineral crystals that replicated by spontaneous mineralogical processes, eventually providing the framework for, and stimulating the production of organic molecules which form the basis for modern organisms. (Also see ‘Terrestrial Matrix’)
    The Loss of Entropy
  • Each of 100 trillion cells in your body has its own DNA, its own molecular factory for building proteins, and its own biochemical circuitry for making decisions. Though self-contained, these cells depend upon each other, and function together as a unified whole. Some species, such as slime molds, live as independent single-celled organisms in their early life, then unify with other slime mold cells into a multicellular organism for the latter part of their life. Roboticists may one day develop small robots that can similarly assemble themselves into a larger, unified meta-robot.
    Come Together
  • Interstellar travel could conceivably be managed by self-assembling spaceships, which would land on a convenient planet or meteor, assemble new parts from available raw materials, make repairs, and be on their way again.
    500 Year Plan
  • A.G. Cairns Smith hypothesizes that clay crystals begat life. The crystalline latticework, as it grew and broke apart, provided scaffolding for new crystal growths. As these crystals incorporated more organic molecules into their structure, with reproductive advantage, the organic molecules eventually became sophisticated enough to co-opt their host’s matrix and float away, perhaps on the next tide, as autonomous life. (Also see ‘The Loss of Entropy’)
    Terrestrial Matrix
  • Behind a seemingly impenetrable barrier is often a calm place of quiet sustenance; getting there may be easier, if more circuitous, than one thinks.
    Rock Nest
  • A microfluidic chip is a network of tubes, valves, reaction chambers and sensors packed into a small device capable of making sophisticated medical diagnoses.
    Digital Healer
  • Those who have an instinct for assessing and doing what needs to be done, and for taking care of others' needs, lift the spirits and improve the lives of those around them.
    Floating Still Life
  • Self-healing objects are capable of repairing damage to their structure. They range from simple (e.g. water) to complex (e.g. a salamander’s tail). In molecular biology, self-repairing fragments are good candidates for mutation, and therefore evolution. The process of mathematical discovery may itself be self-healing, as it balances the confusion caused by real-world paradoxes.
    A Rip In The Fabric
  • Nature builds powerful computers, your brain being a prime example. Molecular self-assembly allows scientists to create electrical circuits by growing them.
    Forest of Wires
  • To power nanomachines, a molecular fuel must store energy in a stable form - stable until it's released.
    Heat Capacity
  • Distributed molecular robots are herds of simple machines communicating with each other to accomplish collective tasks. Like ants, these robots can attach to each other to form chains or walk on top of one another to create collective superstructures.
    Migratory Procession
  • In the brain, visual scenes are broken down into elementary pieces - edges, colors, corners, motion - from which more complex perceptions are derived - textures, shapes, actions - and eventually the important features of the scene are recognized. As with dreaming, a deeper look into the visual cortex reveals an even finer disintegration of each piece of a scene, pixelated and then reconstructed inside an observer’s head.
    Fragmented Vision
  • Nanotubes and Buckyballs (named after Buckminster Fuller) are atomic-scale, chicken-wire-like mesh cages, whose remarkable properties allow intriguing fundamental science and new technological applications. Found in the soot of burnt carbonaceous material they, like diamond, coal, and graphite, are formed by natural processes.
    The Miracle of Soot
  • Intuition becomes stronger with use and nurture, and has a powerful way of breaking through the conventions and constrictions imposed by traditional approaches.
    Inner Light
  • With the right insight and careful touch, DNA can Be programmed to assemble itself into incredibly complex nanoscale objects called 'DNA origami'.
    The Weaver
  • Ever since Pythagorus and likely before, mathematicians have seen the world as being composed of numbers, which has led to great insights.
    Portrait of Peter Gacs
  • When listening to music, neurons in your ears encode the sounds into a sequence of electrical signals, called spike trains, that record the rhythm, tones, and texture of what you’re hearing. The spike trains are sent to your cortex, where the sounds are perceived, enjoyed, and interpreted.
    Neurotango
  • At the core of each being is a self-contained informational unit awash in currents and forces, processing, deciphering, responding to its environment. Sentient immersion is more critical to wildlife than to industrialized beings.
    Nerve Creature
  • The technological shift in electronics from analog to digital was paralleled by a paradigm shift in mathematics, with discrete and combinatorial maths replacing traditional continuous analytical maths. Continuous objects are now converted to discrete representations for processing on digital computers.
    Discretization
  • Intermingling matter on all levels, from neutrinos to the cosmos, necessarily exists in a container. The nestling importance of 'empty' space is often overlooked simply because it 'isn't there.'
    Intermingling
  • In science, you can seldom directly see what you’re studying. Experimental results are colored by how a question is posed and what experimental apparatus is used. This issue is particularly prominent in quantum physics.
    Maple Leaf
  • How, and whether, one perceives the unseen energetic worlds around and through us is a matter of ability and choice. To perceive, and perhaps channel vibrational inputs gives practitioners special access to wondrous and fascinating worlds.
    Entangled Realms
  • Groups of cells (particularly in the nervous system) and groups of organisms, such as a flock of birds, a school of fish, or a colony of ants or fireflies, can work together in concerted, synchronized patterns, as if following signals perceived only by their group. Scientists may learn to observe and detect these signals.
    Synchronization
  • It’s hard to catch a molecule; they’re too fast and too small. So scientists get others to catch them by making molecules to catch molecules. Then they can be studied and programmed.
    Captured
  • Interdisciplinary science requires an ability to synthesize many strands of knowledge, to bind them together and test their strength, then extract pertinent information.
    Rainbow Fiber
  • It’s a simple matter to tie a complex knot, or set a combination or code. It’s much harder to untie the knot or crack the code.
    Undecipherable
  • In the exploration of unknown frontiers, you never know what surprises will come up next. With persistent curiosity and careful thinking, clearly defined facts emerge from the chaos of multiple variables and experimental uncertainty.
    The Hurdler
  • Mathematical abstractions never look like the real thing, but they are often as powerful, and are frequently more conceptually illuminating, in an abstract way.
    Almost Real
  • Mathematics studies perfect objects - the Platonic ideal - but often the proofs can be messy and confusing.
    Shadow of Perfection
  • With determination, and great patience, the seeker is often rewarded with the discovery of unique and surpassing results.
    Hatchling
  • Communication comes in a variety of forms. Some signs and signals, such as laughter, or a wave, or a sigh, are readily understood by just about anyone, and even by some animals. Others are esoteric, perhaps only understood by one or a few.
    Notes to Self
  • The elegance of simplicity is a coveted end in scientific communities across time, place, and field of research. "What can be done with less is done in vain with more." Willem of Occam
    Grun
  • When a new lab gets started, it’s important to keep it fueled with enthusiasm, energy, and especially midnight snacks.
     Still Life with Plums and Chocolate
  • Scientists and artists become absorbed in their work, forgetting to eat, or losing track of time, place and (when it’s really good) even self.
    I Was So Involved
  • Scientific investigation is never complete. From the vantage point of new experience and knowledge come new directions of pursuit.
    If You Dare
  • Entire organisms - be they trees, whales, frogs, or humans - develop from a single cell. When cells divide, each half innately ‘knows’ which part of the organism it should become next.
    City of Life
  • Many great and inspired ideas have occurred to thinkers while completely disconnected from their mental task. A long sought-after idea or solution may spontaneously surface during a moment of relaxation and distraction, an “Aha!” moment.
    The Brewery
  • When light bombards a molecule, a photon may be absorbed, in which case the extra energy causes the molecule's bonds to vibrate more vigorously. Some of that extra vibrational energy dissipates into the molecule's surroundings as heat. If the energy is not completely dissipated, the vibrations may align to create and emit a new photon with lower energy and a (usually) longer wavelength; that is, they fluoresce.
    Fluorescence
  • Organisms and their parts somehow 'know' when to stop growing. As computers count in an algorithmic, logarithmic or binary way, so does biology 'count' in its own biochemical way.
    Core Concepts
  • Self-assembly is a process that spontaneously creates order. At the molecular scale, self-assembling components don't ‘know’ where to go - but they get there. Particles combine and settle in so many ways, randomly fitting together, that eventually, bit by bit, they become complex and can build even further.
    Rearrangements
  • In our multifaceted lives, those things which anchor us to the earth, which ground us and provide a base, can allow our subtle minds to roam, to dream, and to visit faraway realms in our thoughts. Here thoughts and sensations travel faster than light.
    Sky and Earth
  • In art and science, achieving a given outcome is one small part of a long process. Desired outcomes are there to be realized, and with discipline and perseverance, they'll eventually be attained.
    The Force of Impossibility
  • The naturalist feels an affinity to the myriad products of nature in all their peculiarity and beauty. Each of us being unique, we're attracted to, or intrigued by a different set of textures, processes, functions, values, and colors of things. These things and combinations affect us in silent and invisible ways, shared across humanity.
    Still Life with Actinolite
  • Eventually, one must leave the safety of home and set out to make their way in the world, where one's eyes are opened by possibilities and dangers, by the edifices left behind by their predecessors, and by the wonders of life’s machinery.
    Butterfly’s Path
  • The retina is a complex network of neural cells that detect light and immediately begin signal processing to reduce noise, increase sensitivity, and identify regions of contrast and motion. While the insect eye consists of a regular hexagonal grid of nearly identical cells, each with its own lens and neurons, a mammal’s eye has a single lens and many somewhat irregularly spaced photoreceptor neurons.
    Sight
  • Material forms require an array of forces, weights, densities, and other qualities - qualities which are inherent to the object as a whole, and a similar array of forces, weights, and densities within each particle that comprises it.
    Physics In-Formation
  • If you draw a random squiggly line on paper and, at the intersections clarify which part goes over and which goes under, there is, imaginably, a surface contained within your squiggle. A thin wire bent into a twisted but closed curve and dipped into soapy water reveals such a surface.
    Seifert’s World
  • Self-assembly is a ubiquitous process at the molecular scale (crystals, viruses, cytoskeletons) and macroscopic scale (dust bunnies, sand dunes, stars). Tree forms are also ubiquitous in nature and culture, and are self-organizing at many scales (rivers,carbohydrates, traffic patterns). These universal forms can be seen seemingly everywhere.
    Self Assembling Tree
  • Preparing a sample for atomic force microscopy, complex self-assembled molecules settle onto a mica surface, where they will soon be imaged. (Also see “Wings.”)
    Silent Night
  • Some structures are made from strings and struts, (like a suspension bridge, or the bones and tendons of living creatures) where every strut is separate, and every cable is pulled taut in such a manner that the structure doesn’t collapse. The tensional integrity of an object or system derived from the balance of tension members, as opposed to compression struts, is its tensegrity, aka: floating cohesion.
    Tensegrity
  • Occasionally someone’s life story may seem scripted or contrived to the point of being impossible - a series of extraordinary events, coincidences, great hardships and crucial choices leading to that person’s unique work and expertise, as if by recipe.
    Against All Odds
  • An individual is a self-organized collection of smaller individuals. There are often two parts: global interactions of roving elements (such as bees or blood cells) and local arrays of geometrically arranged elements (such as nests or brain cells).
    Swarm and Form
  • Often the best scientific result is the simplest. A solution or discovery may, with hindsight, be so uncomplicated and obvious that it's surprising, or elegant. Yet to approach that simple truth may have required sophisticated instruments and complex methods to explore thousands of possibilities.
    A Prepared Mind
  • All material objects are made of just one thing: atoms. If you could separate the atoms in one object, and put them back together again with extreme precision, you could make another object.
    Treasure Chest
  • Molecular engineers can design and synthesize complex polymers that grow in almost lifelike ways. Like a spider, an engineered molecule can trigger insertion of polymer subunits behind it, thus effectively "excreting" a thread to which it remains attached. As engineering frontiers expand, even more lifelike behaviors will be attainable.
    Hanging Gardens
  • Synthetic biology is the engineering and construction of molecular devices that work inside cells. The construction materials are restriction enzymes to cut DNA, polymerases to copy DNA and RNA, ribosomes to translate RNA into protein, and myriad chemical tricks for finishing touches.
    Tinker’s Molecular Workshop
  • Consonance and Dissonance
  • Experiments conducted within a fluid medium with very tiny molecules present a unique impasse when the experiment relies upon those molecules coming into contact with each other – such as to bind together to form a larger functioning unit. The pieces are so tiny, and the drop of fluid so large that the molecules are unlikey to find each other, unless designed to attract each other.
    Affinity
  • Some of the most precious things in science - and in life – are the ability to learn for yourself, to tap into your own unique perspective and interests, and to do it with a sense of adventure.
    Autodidact
  • A cell’s cytoskeleton consists of a network of molecular-scale "I beams" that hold the cell in its shape. Some engineered cells can crawl by growing their cytoskeleton on one side while dissolving it on the other side.
    Cytoskeletal Motor
  • Crystals can grow in surprisingly complex ways. Synthetic bismuth crystals grow as square-angled spiral staircases. With the ability to design macromolecules, it’s now possible to create crystals with a programmed growth path, and which can “intelligently” respond to obstacles it encounters.
    The Path That Knows
  • Computer programmers can be quite imaginative. The term “bug” itself is a fanciful metaphor. Some programmers have bugs in their programs; others have cuttlefish.
    Cephalopond
  • Thrill seekers love to probe the unknown. For some, it’s the fresh powder on the slope of an uncharted mountain. For others, it’s the unexpected terrain of a new scientific field. For a few, it’s both.
    Going Beyond
  • As intelligent beings who learn from their environment, we contain within ourselves mirrors of the world, and even mirrors of ourselves. One remarkable example is that if you look at the brain’s sensory and motor cortex and ask what part of the body it pertains to, you get a (distorted) map of the body.
    Homunculus
  • Your brain hasn't always known that your arm is your arm. It may have learned it the same way that someone with a prosthetic limb learns to experience the artificial limb as part of their own body. Extensive tool-use (imagine a racquetball racket, violin, or even a mechanized prosthetic) can also lead to the sense of the tool or machine being a part of your body.
    Inside Outside
  • Chemical processes can create patterns similar to the spots on leopards, the patchwork on giraffes, the stripes on zebras. More complex patterns could be created if chemistry could be programmed.
    Reaction Diffusion
  • In programming, instantiation is the creation of a real instance of an abstraction or template such as a class of objects or a computer process. In mathematics, objects (such as sets or functions) can be defined that are impossible to compute. Yet these impossible objects can provide insight that clarifies possibilities.
    Instantiation
  • Waterfall
  • Theta Bay